为了保障系统的稳定和安全,在调用三方服务时,可以增加重试和熔断。重试是调用一次失败后再试几试,避免下游服务一次闪断,就把整个链路终止;熔断是为了防止太多的次数的无效访问,导致系统不可知异常。
Polly是独立的重试机制的三方库,这里只说明在使用httpclient时,请求下游api时的重试和熔断。需要引入NuGet包
Microsoft.Extensions.Http.Polly。
先看一个简单的重试
using Polly;
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services
.AddHttpClient("RetryClient", httpclient =>
{
httpclient.BaseAddress = new Uri("http://localhost:5258");
})
.AddTransientHttpErrorPolicy(policyBuilder => policyBuilder.RetryAsync(3));
var app = builder.Build();
//调用httpclient
app.MapGet("/test", async (IHttpClientFactory httpClientFactory) =>
{
try
{
var httpClient = httpClientFactory.CreateClient("RetryClient");
var content = await httpClient.GetStringAsync("other-api");
Console.WriteLine(content);
return "ok";
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
if (!Count.Time.HasValue)
{
Count.Time = DateTime.Now;
}
return $"{exc.Message} 【次数:{Count.I++}】 【{Count.Time.Value.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.fffffff")}】";
}
});
//被调用的接口,返回状态码500
app.MapGet("/other-api", (ILogger<Program> logger) =>
{
logger.LogInformation($"失败:{DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.fffffff")}");
return Results.StatusCode(500);
});
app.Run();
static class Count
{
public static int I = 1;
public static DateTime? Time;
}
返回的结果:
通过AddTransientHttpErrorPolicy(policyBuilder => policyBuilder.RetryAsync(3));我们让请求进行了3次重试,加上原本的一次,就是4次请求。在红色框时,会发现请求集中在极短的时间内,如果下游服务有故障,可能不会在这么短的时间内自动恢复,更好的做法是:根据重试的次数,来延长(或随机,或自建延时算法)请求的时间,比如:
.AddTransientHttpErrorPolicy(policyBuilder =>
policyBuilder.WaitAndRetryAsync(3, retryNumber =>
{
switch (retryNumber)
{
case 1:
return TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
case 2:
return TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(1000);
case 3:
return TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(1500);
default:
return TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(100);
}
}));
这时的结果如下,基本按照我们设置的时间来重试的:
还有几种重试策略,如下:
//一直重试
.AddTransientHttpErrorPolicy(policyBuilder => policyBuilder.RetryForeverAsync());
//每2秒重试一次
.AddTransientHttpErrorPolicy(policyBuilder => policyBuilder.WaitAndRetryForeverAsync(retryNumber =>
{
Console.WriteLine(retryNumber);
return TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2);
}));
//在5秒内4次请求,如果50%失败,就熔断10秒
.AddTransientHttpErrorPolicy(policyBuilder =>
policyBuilder.AdvancedCircuitBreakerAsync(0.5d, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5), 4, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10)));
熔断是保护服务的手段,在本例中具体用法如下:
builder.Services
.AddHttpClient("RetryClient", httpclient =>
{
httpclient.BaseAddress = new Uri("http://localhost:5258");
})
.AddTransientHttpErrorPolicy(policyBuilder =>
policyBuilder.WaitAndRetryAsync(3, retryNumber =>
{
switch (retryNumber)
{
case 1:
return TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
case 2:
return TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(1000);
case 3:
return TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(1500);
default:
return TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(100);
}
}))
//熔断
.AddTransientHttpErrorPolicy(policyBuilder =>
policyBuilder.CircuitBreakerAsync(6, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30)));
CircuitBreaker控制如果有6次失败的请求,就暂停30秒,具体提示如下:
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